Assistive
Technology 2010
In this
document:
- What
is Assistive Technology?
- What is a disability?
- Disabilities
and assistive technology?
- Assistive
technology and the Accessibility for Ontario with Disabilities Act (AODA)
- Assistive
technology resources for public libraries
What is “Assistive Technology”?
The Final Proposed Accessible Information and
Communications Standard states, “Assistive technology is equipment or
software that assists people with disabilities; examples include screen readers
and voice input software.” This can be anything from low-tech book holder, to a
high-tech touch-screen computer monitor.
What is a disability?
The Ontario
Human Rights Code defines “disability” as:
a.
any degree of physical disability, infirmity, malformation or disfigurement
that is caused by bodily injury, birth defect or illness and, without limiting
the generality of the foregoing, includes diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, a brain
injury, any degree of paralysis, amputation, lack of physical co-ordination,
blindness or visual impediment, deafness or hearing impediment, muteness or
speech impediment, or physical reliance on a guide dog or other animal or on a
wheelchair or other remedial appliance or device;
b.
a condition of mental impairment or a developmental disability;
c.
a learning disability, or a dysfunction in one or more of the processes
involved in understanding or using symbols or spoken language;
d.
a mental disorder; or
e.
an injury or disability for which benefits were claimed or received under the
insurance plan established under the Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, 1997
(“handicap”).
The following link from the Ministry of
Community and Social Services further defines different types of disabilities and
provides links to information about communicating with individuals with
disabilities.
Here are several categories of disability:
·
Vision disabilities
·
Hearing impairments
·
Physical disabilities
·
Intellectual and developmental disabilities
·
Learning disabilities
·
Mental health disabilities
·
Speech or language impairments
·
Deaf-blind disabilities
Disabilities and
Assistive Technology
The following is a list of disabilities and the most commonly used
assistive devices as described in Participation and Activity Limitation Survey 2006: A
Profile of Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities (PALS):
·
Hearing – hearing aids
·
Seeing – magnifiers
·
Communication – computer or keyboard devices
·
Mobility – canes or walking sticks
·
Agility – grasping tools or reach extenders
·
Pain – hot or cold aids
·
Learning – home computers
·
Other needs – respiratory aids
In the library context, assistive technologies are used primarily to
provide or increase access to library-related goods and services for people
with disabilities. Examples include
magnification and amplification devices, page-turners, enhancements to computer
workstations, text-to-speech software, etc.
Assistive
Technology and the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)
For detailed information about the AODA, including the standards,
relevant documents and training materials, visit AccessOn .
A. Customer Service Standard
The Customer
Service Standard was adopted by the Ontario government in 2007 in the form of Ontario Regulation
429/07.
The Customer
Service Standard requires that all providers of goods or services develop a
policy on allowing people to use their own personal assistive devices to access
the goods and services provided and on any situations where such use may not be
permitted. Personal assistive devices are such things as walkers, white canes
used by people who are blind or who have low vision, note-taking devices and
personal oxygen tanks to assist breathing.
In addition,
the policy should address any measures the organization offers to enable people
with disabilities to access its goods and use its services. This may include
assistive devices, services or methods offered such as alternate formats of
documents, or assistance of a staff person. (Adapted from the Guide to the Accessibility Standards for Customer
Service, Ontario Regulation 429/07, section 6-b, numbers 3 and 4.)
B. Draft Proposed Accessible Information and
Communications Standard
The Proposed
Accessible Information and Communication (IC) Standard has been submitted
to the Ontario government but has not yet been adopted.
The proposed IC Standard aims to make information and
communications in the province accessible for most people.
Within the context of the proposed IC Standard,
assistive technology relates primarily to communication supports and services.
Appendix ‘A’ of the proposed standard lists a number of “accessible options”,
including:
·
assistive listening system
·
guides and stabilizers
·
speech and/or voice recognition
·
alternative keyboards
·
augmentative and alternative communication devices
·
in-screen keyboards
·
alternative pointing devices
·
configurable keyboard access utilities including key
activation delay
·
repeat delay and/or a single finger utility
·
word completion or prediction utility
·
alternative input device
·
keyboard modifications
·
pointing device alternatives
·
enlarged buttons or controls with increased spacing
·
guides, stabilizers and tactile labels to assist in
activating buttons and controls
·
voice input
·
mechanical keypad input alternative
·
audio interface
People with disabilities may use one or more assistive
technologies in communicating with others or in getting information.
Assistive
Technology Resources for Public Libraries
In the public library context, the primary aim of assistive technology
is to improve access to library resources and services for people with
disabilities.
The following resources are suggested based on their appropriateness for
shared use in a public library setting and have been divided into three
categories: Hardware, Software, and Low Cost Tools.
For each type of technology, a brief outline has been provided, which
includes:
Description What the technology does and how it can be
used in a public library.
Target
Group The type of disabled individual
who might make use of this service. Note
that some assistive technology may be used by individuals with different types
of disabilities. Not all of the types of
disabilities that could benefit from the use of the technology are listed.
Models Examples of products that fall under the
category (not recommendations to buy).
Links Links to pictures, descriptions and/or
information about the product (some links are to vendors).
Points
to keep in mind when planning to purchase assistive technology:
·
Software system requirements may not be
compatible with all printers, scanners, sound cards and computers.
·
Some assistive technology devices require
the purchase of additional software not included in the original package in
order to operate.
·
The expressed needs, format preferences,
goals, and educational requirements of people in the community should be
considered. If possible, libraries should hold consultations or focus group
meetings to determine the preferences of individuals with disabilities in their
community.
·
Libraries should consult with other local staff,
professionals, universities, colleges, and other libraries to find out what
assistive technologies are already in use in the community.
·
Assistive technology should be as
intuitive as possible and require little training and retraining of staff and
patrons. Consider the training time required on the device for both staff and
patrons. Some patrons may not want to
use a device if it takes a long time to learn how to use it.
·
Avoid complex and expensive options that patrons are
unlikely to use. Seek information about low cost or free options (such as those
listed at the link below).
·
Try to find out what personal assistive technologies
users may have access to and use in their home.
These are likely the types of technologies that they would also want to
use in the library.
·
If possible, download trial products for trial periods
before deciding on what assistive software to purchase.
·
Research licensing agreements and upgrade policies and
be aware of how many computers the software can be used on.
·
Find out the level of technical support the vendor is
able and willing to provide.
·
Try to determine the number of users who will benefit
from the technology, keeping in mind that the technology may be useful for
individuals with different types of disabilities as well as individuals without
disabilities.
Useful
links
Top
Website for free, trial, and inexpensive assistive technology – Adaptech, a research centre in Montreal’s
Dawson College, provides links to free,
short-term trial, and inexpensive
adaptive technology, some of which can be downloaded online. Note: While the links are mostly still
relevant, some of the information on the website is outdated.
Top
Website for finding consultants and assistive device companies within Canada - Industry
Canada’s comprehensive Information
and Communication Technologies, List of Assistive Device Companies provides
links to companies which can be searched by province and disability, as well as
alphabetically. It includes links to
accommodation consultants, accessible web consultants and multiple format
companies and provides a short and long description of each.
Hardware
·
CCTV/Desktop
Video Magnifiers
·
Scanning
and Optical Character Recognition Scanners
·
DAISY
Digital Audio Portable Players/DAISY Readers
·
ITY
·
Alternative Access/Computer Input Alternatives:
2. Portable
Keyboards/Lapboards
·
Alternative mouse/Alternative pointing devices
1. Joysticks
2. Trackballs
4. Switches and Switch Software
5. Head/Eye Controlled
Input and Tracking Devices
·
Braille Note-taker/Braille Note-taking Device
Software
Before purchasing software, the library should ensure that the software
desired is compatible with the destination computer’s operating system and any
other software and hardware necessary to run the software.
Note: To avoid duplication and limit costs, it is important to be aware
of what options and assistive technologies are already available through the
software that the library currently owns and that patrons already use. For
instance, Windows Vista includes speech recognition and text-to-speech
software, an on-screen keyboard, a magnifier, and other assistive technology
that can be used with Microsoft products.
Information about these products and tutorials for these products are
available online on the Microsoft website.
Most software programs today allow users to alter font size, change
colours for improved contrast, and add or modify audio without purchasing
additional software.
“Sticky keys” is an option available with most software. It is for
people with a physical disability that limits their ability to hold down
several keys simultaneously and allows a user to type one key at a time instead
of holding down multiple keys (e.g. CTRL-ALT-DEL).
As well, libraries may be able to save on costs by downloading Free Sotware online. One website for finding free and inexpensive
software online can be found at: http://adaptech.dawsoncollege.qc.ca/fandi_e.php. It is
important to keep in mind that free software may not have the same level of
sophistication and choice as purchased software. However, it may be the best
option for libraries that only use the software occasionally.
Some software products geared towards individuals with learning
disabilities may have application for more than one type of disability. For instance, Read and Write Standard and
Gold provide both word prediction and voice recognition software as well as
speech input. Much assistive technology can also be useful for people without
disabilities and second language learners.
·
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Software
·
Optical Braille Recognition (OBR)
·
Screen Magnification Software/Text Enlargement
Displays
·
Speech-to-Text/Voice Command or Recognition Software
·
DAISY Digital Audio Software
·
Publishing/Converting Software
·
Animated Signing Characters (Signing Avatars)
·
Communication Board Software
·
Braille Translation Software
Low Cost Tools
·
Large Print Keyboard/Keytop Labels
·
Braille Keyboard/Keytop Labels
·
Handheld
or Clip-On Pocket Magnifiers
·
Portable Assistive Listening Device/ Sound
Amplification
·
Hand-held Pen Scanners/Personal Reading Assistants
HARDWARE
CCTV/Video Magnifier
Description For users wishing to view a larger version
of an image or text that is not available in a format which can be used with a
computer (for instance, with hand-written materials or materials not published
online). The Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV) or Video Magnifier,
is a magnification system with a black and white or colour monitor able to
enlarge text up to 60 times from any print format (magazines, hand-written documents,
printed photographs etc.). This makes print materials in the library
accessible to individuals with low vision. The CCTV uses a small camera to
generate high-resolution images on a monitor. It often includes the
ability to change levels of magnification, background colour and
colour combinations. Some models include other options such as auto-focus;
others are portable and project the image onto a white screen. For
lower-cost magnification devices that are portable, Handheld Video
Magnifiers and hand-held or clip-on magnifying devices (in
the “low cost tools” section below) may be preferred.
Target Group For people with low vision.
Models Humanware, Deskmate (mobile), PocketViewer
Links Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Handheld Video Magnifier
Description These portable devices are for people
who struggle with a single, fixed magnifying lens, and want adjustable magnification.
They provide the video magnification of a CCTV in a portable, lightweight
format, often with a much smaller screen. The quality of the image and
magnification are much like that of a CCTV. This category covers a
variety of types of handheld magnification devices. Some are
self-contained, while others are portable but need to be hooked up to a
computer monitor or TV in order to perform their function. Many look much
like a digital camera and can be used to capture and enhance images. If
the library wishes to purchase a magnifier that is stationary, a CCTV
would be preferable.
Target Group For people with vision disabilities.
Models Portable Senseview, Amigo,
Flipper, Clarity has several models
Links Aroga
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Scanning and Optical Character Recognition Scanner (OCR)
Description Scans and converts the printed page into
e-text, which can then be displayed on a computer monitor or sometimes a screen
attached to the device itself. This allows the text to be edited, or used
with word processing software. Certain models don’t require a computer
and are able to scan and provide audio output for printed materials on their
own. While some systems include both a scanner and the Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) software to make the text editable or audible, others do
not. After the item is scanned, OCR software converts the page into a
standard computer file. OCR is necessary in order to use screen readers or
refreshable Braille displays, which are generally used with patrons with low
vision or who are blind, patrons who have learning disabilities and patrons
with physical disabilities. If the library already owns scanners for use
with assistive technology workstations, it may not be necessary to buy any new
scanning device(s), as any scanner can generally be used with OCR
software. Scanners with OCR are generally very user-friendly.
Scanners come in a variety of forms, from regular flat-bed to hand-held pen scanners (see the low
cost tools section below).
Target Group For people with vision or learning
disabilities.
Models CrossScanner, Ovation,
Wizpen, VERA (scans and reads on its own)
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
DAISY Digital audio portable player/DAISY Reader
Description For libraries that carry ‘talking books’ in
DAISY format. DAISY stands for “Digital Audio-based Information System”
and is an internationally recognized format created especially for individuals
with print disabilities, including patrons who are blind or have low vision,
patrons with learning disabilities and patrons with physical disabilities.
DAISY books can combine audio, text and graphics. While computer software
that reads DAISY format is available, DAISY-compatible players that are
portable and may be borrowed are ideal, as not all users will have their own
player at home. Players however are quite costly and expensive to
replace. While mp3 and mobile phones are sometimes able to play DAISY
books, they do not allow for all of the features of the DAISY players, and may
not be able to display all of the aspects of the DAISY book (e.g.
graphics). DAISY players are often easier to use than portable cassette,
CD, and mp3 players, as they generally provide larger control buttons. As
well, an entire volume can generally be contained on one disc. DAISY
players also contain special features that imitate using a physical book.
Most allow the user to go forwards and backwards, make bookmarks, pause, speed
up or slow down, read or ignore footnotes and jump from chapter to chapter,
header to header or page to page. They combine the functions of e-text
and audio players, also allowing the book to be searchable. Some players
allow users to store files on a memory card (sold separately).
Target Group For people with visual, physical or
learning disabilities. The DAISY consortium suggests that some users with
learning disabilities may benefit from listening to a book on a DAISY player
while reading a print copy at the same time.
Models Humanware, Plextalk, Victor, Telex
Links CNIB
ITY (Intertype, UbiDuo)
Description An interactive system which allows for
in-person communication between two or more individuals with a small keyboard
and monitor, much like online ‘chatting’, but the devices must be used in the
same location. Consists of two connected (via cords or wireless)
keyboards and monitors that are very light and resemble small laptops.
Messages can be typed back and forth rapidly with people who are deaf,
hard-of-hearing, or non-verbal with strong typing skills. Some
models are wireless and portable, containing battery packs, but may be
connected to a computer through a USB port allowing up to four people to type
to each other at once. Library staff can use this technology to
communicate with library patrons. For users who do not have strong typing
abilities, or for relaying shorter messages, it may be preferable to use a
simple pen and paper to communicate, or Communication Board
software (listed in the software section). Also, library staff may want
to use their own chat software to communicate with patrons on public computer
workstations located within the library.
Target
Group
For people who are deaf, hard-of-hearing, or non-verbal.
Models Interpretype, UbiDuo
Links Ubiduo
TTY or TTD
Description TTY (or teletypewriters) are also known as
TTD (telecommunication Devices for the Deaf). TTY is a device for the
deaf that sends and receives typed messages over a telephone line. The
receiving party need not have a specialized TTY phone. With the current
popularity of email and online chat, TTY may not be as relevant in today’s
libraries, and may not be the first form of communication used, but may still
be the method of choice for some library users. If chat service hours are
limited and emails to the library are not answered immediately, users may
prefer to receive a direct response through TTY. Some TTYs contain memory or
printers for users who may want to save the conversation. Some also
contain an answering machine that will save and print TTY messages
received. Many can be easily plugged in or unplugged and replaced with a
standard phone as needed, which is useful for libraries who would like a TTY
phone but would not get enough use out of it to warrant a separate phone
line.
Target Group For people who are deaf or have hearing
disabilities.
Models For telephone TTY calls, Minicom IV,
Compact/C, Supercom 4400, Miniprint, Superprint Series. For online TTY
calls, Nex Talk-VM (now discontinued) and SoftTTY
Links Canadian Hearing Society
Page Turner
Description Allows patrons with physical disabilities to
turn pages of books, magazines, and other documents through the use of a
switch, joystick or remote control while the book is held by the
mechanism. Most machines allow pages to be turned forwards, backwards and
skimmed. Does not include controls, as control can vary from user to
user, however, they can be used with most environmental controls, such as
switches and joysticks. Some machines are large and stationary while
others resemble small computer monitors and contain a handle for easier
transportation. Some can be tilted, allowing a patron to read lying
down. In order for a patron to use this device, a staff member must
connect and secure the document for reading, and connect and position the
control device selected for use. While this technology is costly, its
function is not duplicated by any other devices.
Target Group For people with physical disabilities who
have trouble turning pages.
Models GEWA, Touch Turner
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Alternative Access/Computer Input Alternatives
Alternative Access/Computer Input Alternatives are
tools that allow users to input to a computer in a way that is easier or
more comfortable for them than a traditional keyboard and mouse. These
devices are for use by individuals with physical disabilities, vision
disabilities or learning disabilities. Library users with disabilities
may need these devices in order to access the Internet, the library catalogue
or computer software. Some alternative/augmented keyboards come with a
built-in alternative mouse/alternative pointing device, such as a joystick or
trackball, eliminating the need to purchase an additional alternative input
device. Some users may not use a keyboard at all, and may use an
alternative pointing device/alternative mouse alone with on-screen keyboard
software.
Touch Screen/Monitor
Description Touch screens replace a pointing input
device. Computers are activated by directly touching the
screen, without the use of a keyboard, mouse, or other input device.
Touch screens are placed directly on a computer monitor or exist as integrated
units. The screen is sensitive to touch and can be used with fingers,
pointing pens, toes and even prostheses, depending on the screen. For
users with a variety of disabilities, touch screens allow the user quick and
easy input to a computer. They are easy to use, and especially convenient
for use by children and individuals who have little time to be trained.
Target Group For people with visual, physical or learning
disabilities.
Models Magic Touch Touchscreen, TouchWindow, Touch
Monitor, One Touch
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Alternative/Augmented keyboards (large keys, micro-keyboards, and customization)
Description Alternative keyboards come in a variety of
shapes, sizes and styles to suit different types of disabilities.
Alternative keyboards may have larger keys than regular keyboards or use
different colours for better visibility. These devices also come in a
variety of sizes and layouts to suit different needs. They
can provide increased efficiency control and comfort. They can be
one-handed, numerical, or used with a wand or pen. Alternative
keyboards may also be created by simply using large print or Braille Labels
that can go over the keys of a regular keyboard, as listed in
the “low cost tools” section below. On-Screen Keyboard Software
(listed in the "software" section) can be substituted for a
physical keyboard.
Target Group For people with vision or physical disabilities.
Models Zoomtext large Print keyboard, EZ-Reach 2020
(for repetitive strain injuries), Goldtouch Ergonomic Adjustable keyboard,
Ergodex DX1 Input System, BigKeys
Links Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
Portable keyboard/lapboard
Description Provide a great deal of mobility; they may
be used at any computer station, allowing patrons in wheelchairs to reposition
the keyboard for better access to, or visibility of, the keys. The
keyboard may be placed on a lap or wheelchair. Portable keyboards
generally have a stand and are able to rotate on the stand. Some contain
a small screen for word processing. Some models are marketed for
educational purposes for children and contain Word Prediction
software. The low cost of portable keyboards is attractive, but they only
display a few (four to 16) lines of text. The wireless keyboards and mini
notebook computers common today may be adequate.
Target Group For people with vision or physical
disabilities.
Models AlphaSmart (Dana and Neo models), Laser PC6
Links Secrest
Braille Keyboard
Description Contains keys with Braille characters as
well as letters set up in QWERTY format, making it accessible to people with or
without vision disabilities. Keyboard/keytop labels are also
available for purchase and listed in the “low cost tools” section.
Target Group For people with low vision or who are blind.
Models Braille Sense Plus QWERTY
Links Enablemart
Alternative mouse/pointing devices
These devices (joystick, trackball, trackpad and
switch) replace the mouse and require limited movement. They allow users
who find a traditional mouse difficult and frustrating greater control.
While some devices may have left and right click buttons, others consist of a
smooth round ball. A separate “arm” or mounting device can be purchased
separately to more easily adjust the positioning for patrons with physical
disabilities. These devices may require uploading of specialized software;
if so, it generally comes with the product. Some of these devices
include software which slows down the movement of the on-screen cursor. These
alternative devices can be used in conjunction with Dwell and Click
software (listed in the “software” section) to slow down the pace of the
cursor, filtering out unintentional movements and making the cursor more
visible for individuals with low vision. These alternative pointing
devices are for individuals with physical disabilities, limited motor
skills or vision disabilities.
Joystick
Description A Joystick allows the user smooth control of
the cursor and generally contains buttons for left and right clicking.
Power wheelchair users may be accustomed to joysticks. The grip of each
joystick has a unique size and shape, usually a ball or t-shape. Some
come with an adjustable grip to suit a variety of users. Others
may be controlled by mouth or chin.
Target Group For people
with physical disabilities.
Models Tash Joystick, SAM Joystick, Rock Joystick,
Point It
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Trackball
Description A Trackball is controlled by the palm of the
hand or fingertips. Some trackballs are suitable for foot control.
Trackballs come in a variety of sizes for a variety of disabilities.
The larger the trackball, the less fine motor control is required. Some
trackballs make use of a wrist rest and wrist strap for better comfort.
Others include a cursor trail function that displays a trail behind the
cursor on-screen, for greater visibility.
Target Group For people with physical disabilities,
especially those with limited fine motor control or who have trouble
maintaining a grip on a traditional mouse. Also for people with low
vision.
Models Roller Plus Trackball, Orbit Mouse, Expert
Mouse Optical
Links Neil Squire Solutions
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
TrackPad/Touchpad
Description Allows the user to move the
on-screen cursor using a soft touch upon a flat, very sensitive
surface (or pad). The user does not need to use any force to “click”
or operate the device. Currently found on most laptops.
Target Group For people who are unable to make the hand
and wrist movements necessary to navigate the joystick or the trackball.
Models CRUISE TrackPad, iGesture Pad
Links Neil Squire Solutions
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Switches
Description Switches consist of a series of buttons which
provide input to a computer. Switches allow the user to move the
on-screen pointer and click. Switches come in a wide variety of shapes,
sizes, colours, methods of activation and placement options. Foot
switches also exist. There are two other parts to the switch that are
generally sold separately: the USB transmitter/receiver (interface device) and
its software. The interface device and software are generally
required in order to connect the switch to a computer and interpret the actions
of the switch. Some software programs allow for on-screen-scanning,
prompting the user to choose from a number of options. A prompt that is
either visual, auditory or both, provides the user with options. The
user activates the switch in order for the prompted action to be
taken.
Target Group For people who are physically disabled.
Models Super-Switch, BIGtrack, software includes
Dragger 32, Cross Scanner, Smartclick
Links Enablemart
Special Needs Computer Solutions
Head/eye controlled input and tracking devices
Description A device or tiny reflective dot worn by
the user on forehead, glasses, or another part of the body facing the computer
monitor. A computer camera/tracker allows the user to manipulate the
cursor through head movement, an infrared beam, eye movement, nerve signals or
brainwaves. Head and eye input can be used with an on-screen keyboard.
Sometimes Dwell and Click software is included with this device.
Voice input technology may be preferred by patrons capable of using this
technology. Users of this technology would not likely have the
necessary mobility to use other alternative keyboards or mice.
Target Group For people with physical disabilities who
cannot use an alternative keyboard or mouse.
Models Madentec Tracker, Headmouse Extreme,
SmartNav
Links Enablemart
Refreshable Braille Display
Description A keyboard-sized machine which displays
Braille characters electro-magnetically, as it raises and lowers pins through
holes in a flat surface, imitating Braille dots. It can be used to read
output from a computer such as emails, websites and text files. As
information is sent through a display, note taker, or computer, it is
translated into Braille on the device, which changes as additional information
is provided. Some models must be used with Braille translation software,
while others contain the software. Some models are portable and
allow the displays to be used without a computer. Other models are able
to play DAISY format audio. Because speech synthesizers can often be used
to give audio output for blind or low vision patrons, Braille displays may not
be necessary for many blind patrons who prefer to receive the information in
audio format. Audio output in the form of speech synthesis is
increasingly used in conjunction with Braille displays to increase the accuracy
of the interpretation of what is on the computer screen. This technology
would be important for users who are deafblind. Some Braille Displays are
also Braille Notetakers, which act as a keyboard, allowing the product
to be used for both input and output.
Target Group For blind people or people with low vision
who are able to read Braille and who would like to gain access to documents on
the computer.
Models Tactile Dynamics has a few models.
SyncBraille, BrailleSense, ALVA
Links CNIB
Braille Embosser
Description A Braille embosser is used for printing
documents in Braille. It may be purchased by libraries with a large
number of patrons who read Braille, allowing computer generated text to be
printed in Braille format (after being translated by Braille Display software).
The embosser must be used in
conjunction with Braille translation software that will translate the text from
the standard word processing program into Braille. Braille
translation programs can translate text into many different grades or versions of
Braille. Some embossers are also ink printers, so that users with some
vision or an individual reading with a person who is blind can read the print
text as well. Because speech synthesizers are frequently used to
provide audio output for blind or low vision patrons, Braille embossers may not
be the preferred choice for many patrons with vision disabilities.
However, some patrons may prefer having a Braille copy for accuracy. Note:
Because producing Braille through embossers requires a strong knowledge of the
equipment, Braille transcribing and Braille proofing, producing Braille
in-house may not be appropriate for many public libraries. Unless the
library has staff fluent in Braille, it might be best for public libraries
to use a professional Braille supplier.
Target Group For blind and low vision people who are able
to read Braille.
Models Enabling Technologies, Index Braille and
Freedom Scientific have various models
Links CNIB
Braille Note-taker/Braille Note-taking Device
Description A Braille note-taker provide a way for
patrons who are blind or have low vision to complete a variety of tasks, such
as taking notes or surfing the Internet. As the Braille text is
entered by the patron, it is usually displayed on a small display or screen
on the machine, but other output methods are also used. Some contain
audio for users to ensure the accuracy of the text they are producing.
Some newer models consist of a standard keyboard while others have a keyboard
that consists of six or eight keys. They are small and portable.
They may be connected to a computer to save data or data may be
saved on the device itself. It may also be connected to a Braille
embosser for printing.
Target Group For blind and low vision people who are able
to read and write Braille.
Models Voice Sense Notetaker,
Links CNIB
SOFTWARE
Text-to-Speech Software
Description For users with learning disabilities or low
vision who want verification of what they are seeing in print. Because it
does not read all system information and does not make a website or document
completely accessible through the full description of the document (system
information such as file structure or alt boxes), it is not an accessible
format for blind users. Screen reading software is more
appropriate for providing full accessibility to blind patrons, but
text-to-speech software is nonetheless appropriate for users with low vision or
users with learning disabilities. Some people can see very well but have
a disability that makes reading large groups of text difficult or have a hard
time sitting in front of a computer for an extended period. Also, text-to-speech
software is useful for users who have low vision and can read a document, but
would like corroboration of what they are seeing. This product
allows users to read more quickly and accurately. Text-to-speech software
is much simpler to use than screen-reading software and is less
costly.
Target Group People with learning disabilities or low
vision.
Links Some text-to-speech software programs are
available free online, but may not be able to convert larger files and may not
have as many features as other text-to-speech software. However, for
simple text, it may be all that is required.
Free sources include www.naturalreaders.com and http://sayzme.sourceforge.net
Screen Reading Software
Description Screen reading software converts the
text of an electronic document into audio using synthesized
speech. It may also convert text into Braille or large
print. It can read text on a web page, Microsoft Word document
or other format. This software could enable library patrons with
vision disabilities to navigate the library website, access the library
catalogue, and search the Internet. Microsoft Office XP/2003 has screen
reading software for Microsoft Word built in. Screen reading software can enable
the user to:
- Read by word or letter
- Highlight the text as it is read
- Indicate the number of links on the page
- Speed up or slow down the reading speed
- Allow the user to use number pad keys to move
the pointer
- Can indicate information about the text size
and font to better decribe the layout of the page
Target Group People with vision or learning disabilities.
Models JAWS, WYNN, and WindowEyes
Links CNIB
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Software
Description Converts the printed page into e-text.
After an item is scanned, OCR software converts the page into a standard
computer file. This allows the text to be edited, or used with word
processing software. OCR is used by scanners, screen readers
and refreshable Braille displays. While some scanners include OCR software,
others do not. Your library may already own a scanner
with OCR capability. Hand-held pen scanners (see the
"low cost tools" section) have built-in OCR software.
Target Group For people with vision or learning
disabilities.
Models CrossScanner, Ovation, Wizpen, VERA (scans
and reads on its own)
Links CNIB
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Optical Braille Recognition (OBR) Software
Description Using a traditional scanner, this software
reads Braille text and converts it to electronic text that can be used in
various applications. As with OCR, it enables the user to edit and
manipulate the text. Use of this software does not require knowledge of
Braille. It can also print Braille if the library has access to a Braille
Embosser.
Target Group For blind and low vision people who are able
to read Braille.
Models NeoVision Optical Braille Recognition
Software
Links CNIB
Screen Magnification Software/Text Enlargement Display
Description Magnifies the parts of the computer
screen selected by the user. Enables magnification up to 64 times
and adjustment of magnification level. May allow for inverted colours,
enhanced pointer viewing and tracking options. Some programs also have
screen reading capabilities and speech and Braille output. Screen
magnification software can be used to make the library’s website and
catalogue, the Internet and other software programs accessible to patrons with low
vision. Screen magnification software may not always be necessary,
as many websites and software programs allow for adjustment
of font size.
Target Group For people with low vision.
Models ZoomText or MAGic
Links Adaptech
Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
Speech-to-text/Voice command or recognition software (VCR)
Description Enables voice-activated, hands-free
computer use for those unable to use computers or navigate the web
using traditional or alternative input devices due to physical, vision or
learning disabilities. This technology allows the user to see the words
they speak in electronic print on the computer screen. It also allows
users to send commands to the computer hands-free. It can be used
to create text documents, browse the internet and navigate among applications
and menus by voice. One may also use this technology to translate
pre-recorded audio into text. Headphones should be used with the software
so that the audio output does not disturb other library patrons. There
are two basic types of software: discrete speech systems, requiring a short
pause between words, or continuous speech systems that allow one to speak
continuously. The discrete speech systems are ideal for students with
speech difficulties but are rarer today, as the continuous systems allow for a
faster, more natural dictation. A microphone is generally provided with
the software, but libraries may want to purchase a higher quality microphone in
order to ensure the greatest level of success with the product. The
technology still requires the user to use some other form of input device at
times, which may be difficult for some users with physical disabilities. This
software is often time-consuming to set up for the user, especially voice
command functions, and requires time to 'train' the program to recognize the
user’s voice. It is best suited for adult users as it may
be difficult for the software to recognize children’s voices.
Target Group For people with physical, vision or learning
disabilities.
Models IBM ViaVoice or Dragon NaturallySpeaking,
Cicero
Links Adaptech
Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
On-screen keyboard
Description An alternative input option, an on-screen
keyboard is displayed on the computer screen and made accessible using a
pointing device, mouse, touch screen, trackball, joystick, switch, or head/eye
tracking device instead of a standard keyboard. This software is an alternative
for users unable to use a standard or custom keyboard. Some software
allows for customization. Other software allows users to redefine keys
based on personal preferences. Some on-screen keyboards include word
prediction software to help increase typing speed.
Target Group For people with physical disabilities.
Models SofType, SwitchXS, OnScreen
Links Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
Word Prediction Software
Description Word prediction enables a
user to select a desired word from an on-screen list that appears
as he or she types, designate a specific key to
represent a frequently-used word, and correct or suggest spelling.
Some programs provide audio feedback. This technology reduces
the amount of effort and time needed to compose text for individuals who have
difficulties typing due to physical, learning or low vision disabilities.
Word prediction technology is sometimes built into On-screen Keyboard
software. Libraries should ensure that word prediction software
purchased is compatible with the library's word processing software.
Target Group For people who have physical, learning or
low vision disabilities.
Models SoothSayer, Aurora Suite, WordQ
Links Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
DAISY Digital Audio Software
Description DAISY Digital Audio Software reads
DAISY format discs for patrons who prefer not to use the personal DAISY players
or for libraries that do not own personal DAISY players. Users can listen
to a book in DAISY format at a computer workstation. Allows for many of
the same options as a portable DAISY player (customization, bookmarks,
etc.). Users who might have difficulty using the buttons on a portable
DAISY player could play a DAISY book on a computer workstation with
the assistance of an alternative input device or software.
Target Group For people with vision, learning or physical
disabilities.
Models EasyReader, eClipseReader, Victor Reader
Soft
Links CNIB
Publishing/Converting Software
Description This technology can be used to create large
print, DAISY, mp3 and Braille versions of material that the library holds in
print or electronic form. Also, libraries wishing to publish human
recorded audio, synthetic speech, or record their own audio for use by a DAISY
player could use this software. It could be used to supply accessible
documents requested by patrons with disabilities. Some versions allow for
the insertion of footnotes, page numbers and pop-up pictures. A
trial edition of the Dolphin EasyConverter is available for download at http://www.yourdolphin.com/productdetail.asp?id=25. (This is not a
product recommendation.)
Target Group For a variety of disabilities.
Models Dolphin Publisher products, Plextalk
Recording Software
Links DAISY Consortium
Animated Signing Characters (also called Signing Avatars)
Description A communication tool for libraries wishing
to make materials accessible for sign language users. Translates text or
voice and displays signed communication on a computer monitor using a 3-D
animated figure. The avatar can communicate in sign language (e.g. ASL)
or another signed communication system (e.g. Exact Signed English). It is
exportable to video in various formats. This software can be used with background
images, web pages, and other materials in order to make presentations and
workshops accessible. Sign language speakers will find it useful for
viewing presentations and workshops at the library, and accessing electronic
documents. In certain circumstances, this technology may eliminate the
need to hire a sign language interpreter. Libraries should also keep in
mind that, in certain circumstances (e.g. informal conversations), other
forms of communication (e.g. written) may be more appropriate. The
library should always keep in mind the user’s preferred form of
communication.
Target Group For people who are deaf or hard of hearing
and communicate in sign language or another signed communication system.
Models Sign Smith Studio, iCommunicator
Links Adaptive
Technology Research Centre
Communication Board Software
Description A graphics database that contains thousands
of pictures or communication symbols in clip art form for patrons who
require augmentative communication technology. Library patrons and staff
are able to communicate by pointing at images or symbols. Can be
used on-screen or printed on a large poster board. Communication
boards may include symbols, letters or words. Some individuals with
disabilities will have their own personal communication aids, but for those who
do not, these picture symbols, whether printed or online, will allow library
staff and patrons requiring augmentative communication technology to
communicate. If printed, boards should include symbols of things
most commonly encountered at the library. This tool may be especially
helpful for children with speech disabilities who need to communicate
through images rather than written words. London Public Library has
several Communication boards available at their libraries, available to view
online at: http://www.londonpubliclibrary.ca/node/219 .
Target Group For use with people who cannot speak or have
speech that is difficult to understand and who are familiar with using these
types of augmentative devices.
Models Boardmaker, Overboard
Links Enablemart
Dwell and Click Software
Description Dwell and Click Software is designed for use
with an alternative mouse or pointing device. It allows the user to
adjust the size, shape or image of the cursor and make it easier to see
and locate images. To 'click', the user simply places the cursor at the
desired location for an adjustable, set amount of time. Some are designed
for use with specific types of alternate mouse (e.g. single switch). Many
allow for audio or visual feedback.
Target Group For people who have difficulty with
fine motor control. For people who have difficulty in seeing the
cursor or images displayed on the monitor.
Models QualiClick (Free 30 day trial available),
SmartClick, Magic Cursor 2000
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Braille Translation Software
Description Translates printed text into
Braille format, and vice versa. A Braille proof-reader is recommended to
ensure accuracy. Different levels of Braille exist (Grade 1, Grade 2) and
this should be kept in mind when purchasing software. Users who are blind
may wish to use this software to access materials in the library. Library
staff may wish to use this technology in order to be able to assess Braille
materials that the library receives or to produce documents in
Braille.
Target Group For people who are blind or have low vision
and who read Braille.
Models Duxbury and GOODFEEL have a few products,
Megadots, NFBTRANS
Links CNIB
LOW-COST TOOLS
Large Print Keyboard/Keytop Labels
Description Labels or stickers that can be applied to a
standard keyboard to increase the size of the characters on the keys
and make them easier to see. Some have high contrast background
colours to further enhance visibility. Library users with low
vision or a learning disability will be able to see the keys more easily.
An inexpensive alternative for libraries that have limited need for a
large print keyboard.
Target Group For people with vision or learning
disabilities.
Models ZoomCaps labels
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Braille Keyboard/Keytop Labels
Description Labels with Braille dots that can be
applied to keyboard keys. Transparent stickers allow users who cannot
read Braille to see the letters underneath. For libraries that have a
limited need for a Braille keyboard and want the keyboard to also be accessible
to those who cannot read Braille.
Target Group For people with vision disabilities who can
read Braille.
Links Enablemart
Book Holder/Reading Stand
Description Offers library patrons hands-free
reading. Adjustable and allows the user to turn pages easily while
holding the book in place. Many have adjustable pegs to hold the book in
place; adjusts to fit thick or thin books. For users who are unable
to hold a book without assistance. For users who have difficulty turning the
pages of a book, see page turners (in the "hardware" section).
Target Group For people with physical disabilities.
Models LEVO Book Holder, Roberts Book holder
Links Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Headphones
Description For computers with voice output.
Headphones may be used to control the noise level in the library
and enable the user to focus on the voice output provided. For
hygiene reasons, patrons may be asked to bring their own headphones or the
library may sell them. Headphone/microphone combination may be preferable
when using voice input technology.
Target Group For people using any technology with voice
output.
Models IOGEAR Wireless Stereo Headphones with
microphone
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Handheld or Clip-On Pocket Magnifier
Description An affordable alternative for libraries with
limited need for magnifiers. Generally small, handheld or clip-on, or may
come with a stand. They do not offer the flexibility and precision
of the CCTV’s but can still make library materials accessible to many
patrons with low vision. They can be used with a variety of print
materials and are easy to use. Typically provide magnification
between 2 and 4 times the original size. Some contain a battery-powered
light. Libraries may consider loaning these tools. For libraries
requiring more sophisticated technology, a CCTV or handheld video magnifier may
be appropriate.
Target Group For people with low vision.
Models Eschenbach,
Links CNIB
Magnifying Lamp
Description Magnifies and provides light for patrons
with low vision. Stationary and larger than a pocket
magnifier. Generally contains long, sturdy and/or flexible arm and may
come with more than one lens. Magnification levels typically range from
3x to 5x. Desk or floor model. May have a base or be attached to a
desk, wall or other stationary object with an adjustable clamp.
Target Group For people with low vision.
Models Dainolite
Links CNIB
Microphone
Description Used with speech-to-text software or with
other alternative input devices that use speech. Certain microphones are
recommended for use with particular voice-to-text software for best
results. Microphones that automatically locate the direction of the
speaker and steer towards the speaker are easier to use for patrons with
physical disabilities who may not be able to adjust or get close to a
microphone. Combined headphone/microphone headsets are generally most
comfortable and easy to use. For speech-to-text technology to work well
in a library setting with background noise, microphones should offer noise
cancelling capability.
Target Group For people with learning, physical or vision
disabilities.
Models Voice Tracker Array Microphone, GN Contour
LX-G
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Portable Assistive Listening Device/Sound Amplifier/Amplification System
Description Assists the user to hear by amplifying the
sound closest to the listener and blocking potentially distracting background
sound and noises. Often includes 3 pieces: a rechargeable amplifier, a
speaker unit and a microphone. Helps make listening to presentations, personal conversations
or television programming easier.
Target Group For people with hearing or learning
disabilities who do not have their own assistive listening device.
Models Pocket Talker, ChatterVox
Links Enablemart
Special
Needs Computer Solutions
Hand-held Pen Scanner/Personal Reading Assistant
Description Reads and stores text and numbers. Scans
images. May be used to take notes. Very small and portable; may be used with a
computer or independently. Certain models are able to scan, store,
define, hear and transfer text to a PC, PDA or Smartphone. Some models
provide voice synthesis using text-to-speech technology. Some allow for
word insertion. Some models provide translation as well as help with
comprehension. Some allow for various font sizes to be displayed and for
inverting text on contrasting backgrounds to help patrons with low vision. Battery
powered.
Target Group For people with learning disabilities; some devices
may have features suitable for individuals with low vision.
Models Superpen, InforScan, Quicklink Pen Elite
Links Secrest Resources Canada
Keyguard
Description A keyguard is a hard plastic cover for a
standard computer keyboard. It covers the surface of the keyboard and
prevents a user with an unsteady finger or pointing device from accidentally activating
unwanted keys. May be available in a variety of colours. Can be a
part of an alternative keyboard or acquired separately for use on standard
keyboards.
Target Group For people with physical
disabilities who have difficulty using a standard keyboard.
Models Intellikeys, Fl4SH Colour Keyguards
Links Neil Squire Solutions